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              <text>26 February 1961&#13;
&#13;
Keith Wedmore:&#13;
&#13;
Dear Friend,&#13;
&#13;
Thank you for your letter to George Gorman dated 21 February. I am more touched than I can say at the kindness and warmth of your response to my comments. So touched that I will buy a new ribbon before I next write that your aching eyes be not strained beyond bearing in efforts to decipher my comments.&#13;
&#13;
If you and the QCH (&amp; OPS of course) think that similar comments on the rest of the drafts would be useful, I will gladly do my best. But you must bear in mind that comments of an "interested party" who has not had the benefit of your discussions is bound to be not merely biased but (to some extent) ill-informed. You will please to make allowances accordingly.&#13;
&#13;
I propose to address future letters to you as I find it easier to write 'Don't you think' rather than 'I wonder if the committee has considered'. I think that I would rather continue to send them through George, However--this is strictly confidential and for yourself only, not for the committee--I will not rule out altogether the possibility of my journeying from Chevy Chase (where I am writing, as you will know, border ballads and Elizabethan love songs) to London if it would really be useful in pulling the draft into shape.  At the moment I feel extremely critical of it.&#13;
That brings me to the question: What is the draft. I returned to George the mimeographed Parts 8 and 10 which he let me see in September. Since then I have received the following which I have letters (since the QCH has no Helpful Symbols on the documents):--&#13;
A containing &#13;
Part I (Introduction) 3 pages&#13;
Part 10 though no to marked (How can help be given?) 2 pages, p.2 being numbered 10&#13;
Part 2 (Heterosexuality) 4 pages&#13;
Part 8 (Homosexuality and the law) being your revise. 8 pages&#13;
Part 11 (Summary)  1 page&#13;
B containing&#13;
Part 5 (Perversions)  2 pages&#13;
Part 6 (Origins of sexual behavior)  10 pages&#13;
C containing&#13;
Part 3 (Homosexuality)&#13;
&#13;
I gather that this is all I ought to have, but what is "the later printed revision of Part 8: or do you mean 'duplicated' and therefore the draft in DOCUMENT A? And 'Homosexuality' was Part 5 in your synopsis (letter 4 November 1960): why is it now 3? These are not meant to be captious questions, but I can't use what little intelligence I have on the draft unless I can related each chapter to the book as a whole.&#13;
&#13;
While are on the book as a whole can I put in more more plea for a uniform prose--dignified, vigorous, lively, but unfascetious. I know that you said (4 November again) that 'a deadpan article on sex--yet another, let's face it--could be terribly dull'.  I agree. Dullness is a perennial danger of drafting documents by the committee method. But the way to avoid it (it seems to me) is to entrust the re-writing of the book to a single individual once the drafts are agreed for content. Naturally the QCH would have to re-vet the rewritten document, but at the moment the changes in style between one part and another are unhelpful. I want a vigorous book, but I also want one that moves with dignity so that is can have effective powers of persuasion. Some of the asides in some of the drafts still seem to me cheap and unworthy and all too likely to defeat what I take to be QCH's intention.&#13;
&#13;
Now for Part 3. I am mercifully ignorant of who drafted this. I assume from your letter it wasn't you, but even if it was, I judge from your letters that you are charitable enough to forgive me if I say that it seems to me completely shapeless, with a lot of irrelevancies and non-sequiturs, and with half of it utterly out of place. But I do realize that it is a first draft.&#13;
&#13;
Almost the whole of (c) belongs, I should have thought, in Part 9; and I do not therefore propose to discuss it in detail now. Surely the purpose of this chapter is to do the following: &#13;
&#13;
1, Define homosexuality--it is necessary to explain that it does not mean 'the practicing of homosexual acts' (several rather well-informed people have told me that it does).  It is also supposed that it derives from the Latin and has something to do with men, and an explanation of the Greek tongue might be useful, followed by an explanation that as the word 'Lesbianism' is commonly used for female homosexuality, the word 'h/s' in this book will be understood to mean 'male h/s;.&#13;
&#13;
2. Differentiate between h/s and preoccupation with small boys. I know that this is in all sorts of places, but it does need saying and driving home (the Nancy Mitford quotation on 0 5 is unhelpful as it can rather easily be misunderstood).&#13;
&#13;
3. Give supposed percentages (as on p.2) and refer to the wide variety of physical types, etc., to be found--the sentences 'It is commonly..unassailable' (p. 4) belong to this.&#13;
&#13;
4. Deal with merely physical h/s in adolescence (some of pages 2 and 3 come in, but the treatment of this as it stands is confusing (a) physical adolescent h/s whether individual or 'orgy-like'.  (b) emotional adolescent involvement, which is what the Radcliffe Hall passage is about, (c) seduction of an adolescent by an older man--the passage beginning 'seduction, then' is out of place as the drafter hasn't discussed the problem)&#13;
5. The incidence of h/s in present-day Britain.&#13;
There my be some other points, but I think that the chapter should stick to facts, so far as anybody is prepared to accept that anything on this subject is fact.I think that my first notes (of which I hadn't kept a copy) urged strongly that the book should move steadily along the lines of reasonably accepted facts until it came to Part Nine--though I had prepared my own imaginary synopsis at that stage. I still hold that view.&#13;
This is probably enough for a first shot. Without going through Parts (a) and (b) in detail, I am prepared to take a few detailed pot-shots:--&#13;
&#13;
p. 1. 'one can no more deplore...' A poor parallel since most grass is green and only the minority pinl, while most people are hetero and only the minority homo. I want a dignified (see 1 above) not a flippant reference to the dictionary.&#13;
&#13;
p. 4 A.P. Herbert.  Again, an unhelpful parallel, and there are too many quotations anyway--as bad as Robert Davis's pamphlets or certain Swarthmore lectures. OUT.&#13;
&#13;
p. 4 'have been actually prosecuted." Actually presupposes surprise, e.g.:-'George Gorman has actually been stick on procedure' 'Anon has actually had a fit of generosity'. The drafter means simply: 'were prosecuted'.&#13;
'Alert readers' is poor too: you can be alert and have a poor memory; or you can be alert and miss 'The Times' for a week while in Brittany (even Anon can't remember who the Junior Minister was)). And in any case I think it is dangerous to bolster as case by arguing from cases of h/s offences other than those in private.&#13;
&#13;
p. 6 'A well known Quaker'.  I just cannot see that this follows from the sentence before. I could understand it if it read: "A well known Quaker pacifist long and successfully concealed his homosexuality and once told a member of our group that, were it known, it would immediately undo all the work he had been able to do for promoting greater understanding between nations and races.' Does it mean that?&#13;
&#13;
This is really quite enough. You and the QCH will, I hope, realize that these criticisms stem from a fundamental respect and interest in the draft. If I didn't think it could be a good book I wouldn't trouble to criticize.&#13;
Yours sincerely,&#13;
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                <text>Anonymous sent an immediate followup to Wedmore's previous letter (above) and included some rather biting criticism of the section on Homosexuality that Wedmore had written.</text>
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              <text>24 November 1960&#13;
Dear George,&#13;
Thank you for forwarding Keith Wedmore's letter of the 4th. This is by way of brief acknowledgement and I wonder whether you would be so good to act as an Intermediary? I was deeply touched at this thoughtfulness in commenting on my comments, and I'm only sorry that as I didn't keep a carbon and returned the document to you I've very little idea of what most of it is about. However, that in no way diminishes from the vast pleasure I had in his letter.&#13;
&#13;
I think in point of fact that I could summon from the vasty deep most of the points, but I doubt whether it's worth my while doing so when the text has now had a hundred visions and revisions before the taking of a toast and tea. But if it is thought to be of the slightest use to the Bidder Committee (I decline to be drawn on KW's use of QCB) I am perfectly willing to comment on any further drafts as they become available. I think that with Wedmore's chapter list I can make slightly more intelligent comments, but if he thinks an explanatory covering letter would keep me on the rails, that might be even better. I think that on the whole I would prefer to deal with the matter through you if you're prepared to do all the forwarding, and I assume that KW marks his letters to you "confidential."&#13;
&#13;
The one point on which I do still feel strongly is the lengthy quotation from Hansard about the Labouchere amendment. I have two grounds for my hesitation:--&#13;
&#13;
a. style. I feel that it is most dangerous to incorporate long quotations unless there is an overwhelming necessity, and if KW insists on his full quote I am afraid that it will result in skipping, which is precisely what he wants to avoid. Let him state in the text forcefully that the amendment was introduced at a late stage in a fairly empty House on a bill for an entirely different purpose, and then if he likes refer to Appendix I for the recitation of the relevant Hansard. But to include the quotations will simply defeat his purpose.&#13;
&#13;
b. politics. Is not undue emphasis on the 1885 law rather dangerous?  In general I am in favor of Fabian tactics and letting freedom broaden down from precedent to precedent and all that, but recent suggestions of simple compromise of repealing the Labouchere amendment seems like to result in an intolerable and administratively unworkable situation. I think it is quite right to say that the L. amendment was almost accidental, but not to stress it, since the 1861 Offences against the Person Act, re-enacting a three-hundred old statute against buggery, was presumably quite considered and deliberate. It should hardly need stressing (the Wolfenden Report, I think, makes the point) that it is quite ludicrous for one form of homosexual lovemaking to be made legal in private, while another is not.  I speak out of a desire for fair play and not as an interested party--I dislike it personally, passively because of piles and actively because it is extraordinarily hard to kiss another man's lips while having an orgasm without pulling half the muscles in one's back.&#13;
&#13;
This is much longer that I meant it to be and I won't blame KW if he decides that he can't bear more maundering comments and would rather not send me future drafts as they are completed. But if this hasn't put him off and he really thinks I can do anything to help, I'll be glad to try my best.&#13;
&#13;
Yours,&#13;
Anon&#13;
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                <text>The anonymous correspondent sent a reply to Wedmore's letter on 24 November 1960, once again through George Gorman as intermediary.</text>
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              <text>August, 1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear George,&#13;
&#13;
I have read Keith Wedmore's draft outline on the legal aspects of homosexuality. I assume that this is to be part of a larger pamphlet, but as I haven't any idea what the other sections are to be I find it hard to make any comments on this draft which are intelligent. Nor with the limited time I have can I marshall my views as systematically as I would like.  But here are a few immediate reactions.&#13;
&#13;
1. Is there not a strong case for getting as many as possible of the undisputed facts out of the way before starting on any argument?  I would like to see a pamphlet tackling the subject (very roughly) in this order:--&#13;
a. What is homosexuality?  i.e. an elaboration of para 1 of this draft.&#13;
b. What is its incidence?&#13;
c. That are the medical/psychological facts?&#13;
d. What is the legal position in England?&#13;
e. What is the 'climate of opinion" and theological background to the legal position?&#13;
f. What is the case for a change in the law?&#13;
g. What are the pastoral and personal problems which remain, law or no law?&#13;
&#13;
2. In general I agree with most of the argument of this draft, but quite clearly not all readers will, and I would prefer the (to me) delightful reference to St. Paul's sociology to come in after the statement of facts. And I would prefer a fuller statement to the views of other Christian bodies now to the Gibbon quotation, which hardly seems pertinent in a short pamphlet.&#13;
&#13;
3. The actual statement of the law on pp.l 3-6 seems to me admirable and might usefully end 2 lines from the bottom of p. 6. I would again doubt if it were necessary to quote Hansard at such length over the Labouchere clause.  I am glad the fact that homosexuality and sodomy are not interchangeable words is stressed because it seems to be believed by a lot of people who ought to know better (I always thought it was a pity that the Bidder Cttee used rather than squashing Fairn's use of QCB which seems to me just the sort of jocularity which gives the impression that people are not treating the subject seriously.) Ought not the first sentence on the subject to make it clear that sodomy and buggery are interchangeable words? (I suppose they are, but perhaps I am too innocent?). &#13;
&#13;
4. The latter part of the section 'The law in England' seems to me to belong to (f) and to follow naturally on the doubts cast on St. Paul's sociology. I would prefer a more chronological attack, beginning with the recommendations of the Wolfenden Committee and then going on to look at the debate of 29 June 1960 (not, please to be referred to as 'in the recent debate' which is quite unidentifiable.) and then to the text-book classification of crimes. In the last para, 3 lines from the end, after 'higher age of consent' the phrase '(e.g. 21, as recommended by the Wolfenden Committee)' would be useful.&#13;
&#13;
5. Some of my comments in the last 3 sections apply even if my comments on the general shape of the pamphlet are out of order. Even if the main shape of this section remains as it is it is quite clear to me that the last sub-section "How can help be given?' cannot remain as part of it. By no stretch of the imagination can it come under 'Legal aspects' and as a comment on pastoral, medical and psychological care I think it is inadequate, though much of it is on the right lines. I could comment a good deal more fully, but I think it is probably silly to do without seeing the draft of the rest of the pamphlet.&#13;
&#13;
Re-reading this, it looks fairly critical, but I think the draft is a good job and on the right lines and therefore worth being critical about. If I hadn't liked it i shouldn't have felt it worth commenting on. I don't know the author at all, but if you think we wouldn't think it a breach of confidence for you to show his effort to one of your less reputable friends, and it you think he can swallow having my comments inflicted on him, then you are at liberty to pass this on.  I therefore prefer (if I may) to sign myself simply and in typescript,  XX&#13;
&#13;
There are a vast number of points of punctuation and capitalization which are odd: doubtless the result of your staff getting so fascinated by the subject that they forget that acts of parliament generally have capitals (page 8 line 6) and that Jews are often happier thus (page 1 line 7). On the other hand I should have thought that if you were going to capitalize sodomy you should the same for gross indecency and indecent assault, and before you know where you are it will look like a Victorian Pamphlet, which was precisely (I thought) what the Bidder Committee was out to avoid...&#13;
&#13;
I have already pointed out to you once (with carefully checked references) that the fireside-happening quotation is attributed to someone else by Duncan Fairn in his Swarthmore Lecture--I've mislaid my copy, but it's a page or two from the end I think. You cannot have two members of the Bidder Committee attributing the same quotation to two persons: misquoting and misattributing is an Unnatural Vice.</text>
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              <text>Young Friends Central Committee&#13;
Young Quaker&#13;
16-8-1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Keith Wedmore,&#13;
&#13;
Wanting a follow-up article of that on "Towards a Quaker View of Sex" in The Friend. It wrote to Mary Rowntree as one involved with this at an early stage, and she suggested that I ask you for an article, as you were on the committee which made the report. What I am particularly interested to know is the future work of the committee, and anything useful which has been obtained on a practical level, though I gather that the main purpose of the committee was simply to draw the attention of Friends to the problem.&#13;
&#13;
I should be very grateful if you could give us a personal account and opinion of the work in which you have been involved. I do know know enough to direct the article towards a particular slant, or to suggest the just boundaries of words and compass. So I leave you free as to the length and plan of the article. But I shall be very grateful if you could produce one for us, as this is a new venture about which we ought to know more.&#13;
&#13;
Yours sincerely,&#13;
Michael J. Tolley&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Michael Tolley&#13;
9, Warner Road,&#13;
Pogmoor,&#13;
Barnsley, Yorks.&#13;
20th August, 1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Michael Tolley,&#13;
&#13;
I shall be glad to let you have an article, although not at once, as I am away on holiday; I will let you have something within three weeks.&#13;
&#13;
You will appreciate that the Committee was particularly interested in homosexuality, although it found it necessary to deal with sexual problems generally and I shall, therefore, do the same in whatever I send you.&#13;
&#13;
Yours&#13;
&#13;
sent 3/11/60  KW&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
17th October 1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Michael Tolley,&#13;
&#13;
I am sorry for the delay in dealing with your article; you will have it within two weeks positively!&#13;
&#13;
Yours sincerely,&#13;
&#13;
Michael Tolley&#13;
9, Warner Road&#13;
Pogmoor&#13;
Barnsley,&#13;
Yorks.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Young Friends Central Committee&#13;
Young Quaker&#13;
14-11-1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Keith Wedmore,&#13;
&#13;
Many thanks for your excellent and informative article, which I am glad to say is just what I wanted. The article will appear as soon as I can fit it in; I cannot problem when, as there are a great many articles etc to cope with, but I shall arrange for 3 copies to be sent you when the issue appears.&#13;
&#13;
Mary Rowntree, apparently, was only engaged  in an early discussion group or something, and was not on the committee at any time.&#13;
&#13;
Thank you again!  It is a pleasure to edit work which is so splendidly presented in triple-spaced type.&#13;
&#13;
Yours ever,&#13;
Michael J. Tolley&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
14th November 1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Michael Tolley,&#13;
&#13;
With reference to the article I sent you some two weeks ago, could you be to find as to let me know whether you received it, it is suitable for your purpose, and that you will be able to let me have three copies of the issue in which it appears?&#13;
&#13;
Yours sincerely,&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Michael Tolley,&#13;
9 Warner Road,&#13;
Pogmoor,&#13;
Barnsley,&#13;
Yorks.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
Young Friends Central Committee&#13;
Young Quaker&#13;
18-11-1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Keith Wedmore,&#13;
&#13;
As I sent my letter to you on the same day as you wrote to me, I trust that you have now received the answer to your three questions, which are (a) Yes, I have received it, (b) the article is most suitable, and I'm very grateful for it, (c) I shall make arrangements to let you have  three copies of the issue in which the article appears.&#13;
&#13;
I am very sorry that I kept you waiting so long for a reply; my only defence can be that (a) I have a lot of correspondence to deal with; (b) I was away for five days. I shall endeavor to be more efficient (and courteous) in future.&#13;
&#13;
I hope my negligence does not too much mar my gratitude for what you have so well done.&#13;
&#13;
Yours sincerely,&#13;
Michael J. Tolley&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
20th November, 1960&#13;
&#13;
Dear Michael Tolley,&#13;
&#13;
Don't fret, I was quite happy with your last letter which I took as being the answer to mine. You were not in the least discourteous.&#13;
&#13;
Your sincerely,</text>
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              <text>Young Quaker&#13;
A Young Friends Monthly Journal&#13;
December 1960&#13;
&#13;
Towards a Quaker View of Sex&#13;
&#13;
Origin of concern: in 1955 it became known that in one active Young Friends' group there were a number who were concerned, for one reason or another, with sexual and particularly homosexual problems. They were in the highly unusual position in having sufficient confidence in the older Friends in the Meeting to share the problem with them; and received, in the end, much help. But several things became obvious: one, that there were far more Young Friends anxious about sexual problems, especially the less orthodox ones, than older Friends realised; two, that practically never was the ordinary machinery of Eldership and Oversight fit to deal, or even being asked to deal, with these problems; and principally that sexual enlightenment has yet to come where many are concerned, and that there is a need for research into sexual problems; and--it was honestly felt--a review of the Christian attitude to sexual problems and sexual morals.&#13;
&#13;
Quaker Group on Homosexuality and other problems of sex: In 1957 there began to meet a group of Friends who, for one reason or another, felt that the time had some for a fresh search for the Quaker view of sex. The group was as follows: Anna Bidder (Cambridge lecturer in Zoology), Chairman; Lotte Rosenberg (consultant psychiatrist), Secretary; Duncan Fairn (Director of the Prison Commission); Mervyn Parry (Headmaster); Kenneth Nicholson (Headmaster of a Friends School); Alastair Heron (Industrial Psychologist); Kenneth Barnes (Headmaster); Alfred Torrie (Consultant Psychiatrist); to these were later added Keith Wedmore (Barrister); Richard Fox (Consultant Psychiatrist); and Joyce James (Marriage and Parenthood Committee).&#13;
&#13;
The Group has met a frequent intervals ever since 1957; has head evidence from and consulted with many Friends Groups; has written a preliminary article (The Friend, May 20th), and held a one-day conference for invited Friends (In June, at Hampstead  Meeting House). At the moment the group is working on a pamphlet for the Friends Home Service Committee.&#13;
&#13;
The chapter headings of this pamphlet may give some idea of its contents:--&#13;
1. Introduction; 2. Heterosexuality; 3. Heterosexual Problems; 4. Masturbation; 5. Homosexuality; 6. Perversions; 7. Causation (of sexual problems); 8. Homosexuality and the Law; 9. Towards a Quaker view of Sex (i.e., Morals); 10. How can help be given; 11. Summary.&#13;
 &#13;
Our future work must much depend on the reaction of Friends to this pamphlet. If it is encouraging, the Group might enlarge its activities. There is a need for a more comprehensive programme of research, both scientific and moral. This, however, will be both slow and expensive; and is beyond the resources of the Group in its present form.&#13;
&#13;
Towards a Quaker View of Sex: We have asked ourselves: what do we really think wrong, and why? What are the essentials of a Christian relationship? Is "sin" to be inferred from sexual acts, or must one know the inner content of a relationship before one can assess its moral worth?&#13;
&#13;
It proved impossible to consider homosexual problems in isolation, as it was increasingly felt that the criteria for judging all relationships are the same; and the group has also been compelled, of necessity, into a sweeping view of the sexual activities and morals of the modern world; and into a far wider "agonised reappraisal" of the traditional view of sex than it had intended. We have been forced to spend much time in trying to ascertain simply what are the sexual facts of life (as to which we found that even such a specialist body needed a great deal more information) in order to go further, or to consider Christian morals. (In this, as in other spheres, it is no good arriving at a conclusion until one knows all the relevant facts. The group has been horrified to discover how difficult it is to point to any reliable way of discovering them.)&#13;
&#13;
It would be unwise to anticipate the group's tentative conclusions until publication of the HSC pamphlet. But of this there is no doubt, that the Group now feel, more than when they began, that these problems are most serious; and that Pauline theology does not offer the modern world the equipment to answer them. Here is a problem too large for any one group--the redefinition of sin; and the answer to the question, "what is love?"&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
West Byfleet                                   Keith Wedmore&#13;
&#13;
The author of this article would like to emphasize that the account here given of the group's activities is entirely his own and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Group as such; and that the Group regrets that it cannot undertake to provide help form, or enter into correspondence on, personal problems at this time. Representations or suggestions (or, of course, offers of assistance) will naturally be forwarded.</text>
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                <text>Keith Wedmore sent letter to the Joseph Rowntree Trust outlining the nature and composition of the Quaker Committee on Homosexuality and requesting £100 funding to help cover the group's expenses for one year.</text>
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                <text>Most of meeting devoted to amending sections of the report and assigning members to revise sections for the next meeting. Keith Wedmore reported on financial underwriting for the group's work.</text>
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                <text>Group spent most of this meeting reviewing amended sections of the draft report.  Kenneth Barnes brought an invitation for a television appearance which the group decided to postpone until after the report is published. </text>
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                <text>Group spent most of the meeting reviewing and revising the draft of the pamphlet. Responded to request for speaker from the Essex and Suffolk Quarterly Meeting. Anna Bidder urged group to be strong in its resolve as she departed for extended time abroad. Duncan Fairn replaced her as chair.</text>
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                <text>Only five members at this meeting. Discussed  feedback from some participants in the 10 June Conference. Received letter from Eric Baker of the Study-in-Fellowship Committee suggesting cooperation in developing study materials.  Discussed draft of report. </text>
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                <text>Committee agreed to produce a lengthy informative pamphlet, a first draft to be reviewed at the June conference. Group reviewed agenda for the conference as well as whom to invite. Draft of letter to The Friend circulated for comments.</text>
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                <text>Cecil Heath and Mary Holden from the Friends Temperance and Moral Welfare Union discussed strategies for addressing homosexuality at the Yearly Meeting. Committee agreed to hold a one-day conference in June with selected guests and to publish a letter in The Friend. Also proposed title "Towards a Quaker View of Sex." </text>
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